Avian Influenza Threat: European Stopovers Under Surveillance

A recent report from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) underscores potential risks associated with the seasonal migration of wild birds and the importation of certain U.S. products, particularly those containing raw milk. These factors may facilitate the introduction of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) genotype currently affecting U.S. dairy cows into Europe, marking a critical point of concern for public health and agriculture.

Key Migration Routes Identified

EFSA scientists have pinpointed crucial European stopovers known for high-density bird congregations, including Iceland, Britain, Ireland, western Scandinavia, and significant wetlands like the Wadden Sea on the Dutch, Danish, and German coasts. These locations are deemed essential for early detection of the avian influenza virus during the migratory seasons of wild birds.

Trade and Import Risks

The report also highlights concerns about potential virus introduction via trade. It suggests that the importation of products containing raw milk from affected areas in the U.S. cannot be ruled out as a risk factor. Additionally, the movement of dairy cows and bovine meat may also pose pathways for the virus’s entry into Europe. However, it is worth noting that the presence of the virus in meat is infrequently reported, and strict regulations govern the import of meat and live animals into the EU.

Current Situation in the U.S.

The EFSA report provides an overview of the ongoing situation in the United States, where 981 dairy herds across 16 states were impacted by avian influenza from March 2024 to May 2025. Authorities highlight that factors such as cattle movement, low biosecurity measures, and shared farm equipment have facilitated the virus’s spread within affected regions.

Future Measures and Assessments

Looking ahead, EFSA plans to conduct an assessment by the end of the year regarding the potential impact of this HPAI genotype’s entry into Europe. Recommendations aimed at preventing the spread of the virus will also be provided as part of ongoing efforts to safeguard public health and the agriculture industry.