Recent UK research has revealed that insect meal, often hailed as a potential sustainable alternative, may actually have a significantly higher climate change impact than traditional protein sources such as soybean and fishmeal. These findings pose challenges for the animal feed sector in its quest to achieve decarbonization.
Background of the Research
The study, conducted by Ricardo- AEA Ltd on behalf of the UK government, was motivated by the sustainability concerns regarding conventional protein sources used in livestock feed. The environmental implications associated with soybean and fishmeal, including deforestation and unsustainable marine harvests, have prompted the search for alternatives.
Aim of the Study
This research aimed to quantify the environmental impacts of black soldier fly larvae protein meal in comparison to soybean and fishmeal, focusing on its appropriateness as a sustainable option for poultry and pig feed. The analysis also included frass, a co-product from the larvae, believed to offer environmental benefits as a fertilizer.
Methodology Overview
A comprehensive life cycle assessment was performed to evaluate the cradle-to-grave environmental impacts of insect protein derived from black soldier fly larvae. This assessment encompassed all necessary stages: rearing, growing, and processing of the larvae, soybeans, and fish into meal.
Comparative Environmental Impact Analysis
The research assessed the environmental impact per kilogram of protein from five meal systems (three based on black soldier fly larvae, one on soybean, and one on fish). Results were evaluated across 16 impact categories, focusing heavily on climate change metrics.
Notably, the insect meal’s climate impact ranged from 12.9 to 30.1 kg of CO2 equivalents per kg of protein, largely dependent on the feedstock used for rearing. In contrast, the climate impact of soybean and fishmeal was significantly lower, demonstrating the challenges insect protein faces in achieving sustainability goals.
Findings in Detail
The study highlighted that traditional insect meal fed on feed sources resulted in the highest environmental impacts across many categories. Conversely, meals based on food waste exhibited a lower impact, reinforcing the need for responsible sourcing practices in insect protein production.
Insights from Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analyses pointed to significant variations in findings based on methodological choices and production processes, particularly the electricity source used during larvae rearing. In favorable conditions, insect meal could potentially have a lower carbon footprint than soybean and fishmeal.
Conclusion: Not a Silver Bullet?
The research ultimately suggests that while insect protein may not be the definitive solution for decarbonizing the animal feed industry at present, it could play a role under optimal production conditions. This potential hinges on increased demands for co-products and a thorough evaluation of broader environmental considerations.
Call for Future Research
Further inquiries into the usage of frass as fertilizer are essential for enhancing the sustainability of insect protein production. Studies should focus on the efficacy of frass, its environmental impact, and practical implementation in agricultural settings.
*For comprehensive details regarding the study, refer to the full report: Life Cycle Assessment of UK Insect Protein Production Processes for Pig and Poultry Feed – SCF0235
