The Future of Snakebite Treatment: A Universal Anti-Venom Solution

A breakthrough in snakebite treatment is on the horizon, with researchers developing a single broad-spectrum anti-venom that promises to treat bites from numerous venomous snakes worldwide.

After seven years of collaborative research, an international team is nearing the completion of a ‘universal’ anti-venom that covers 17 venomous snake species native to Africa. The project, led by Professor Andreas Hougaard Laustsen-Kiel from the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), has fostered hopes for similar advancements in Australia.

Revolutionizing Snakebite Treatment

This pioneering anti-venom has been bio-engineered to target multiple medically relevant African snake species, including cobras and mambas. Although it has not yet been tested on humans, preliminary lab results show potent efficacy, reduced risk of immune reactions, and production costs that are approximately half of existing treatments.

Snakebites result in approximately 100,000 to 150,000 fatalities worldwide each year, with many survivors facing long-term disabilities. Current anti-venom options often fall short, failing to neutralize all relevant toxins or cover all medically significant snake species, complicating emergency treatment procedures.

From Traditional to High-Tech Solutions

Traditionally, anti-venoms are created by immunizing horses with snake venom and extracting antibodies from their blood. This method yields a mixture of antibodies, with varying quality and potential side effects for victims.

Professor Laustsen-Kiel’s team has adopted a cutting-edge technique known as phage display technology to develop a more effective alternative. This process enables the selective replication of potent antibody fragments (or nanobodies), allowing for a consistent and high-quality product.

The Importance of a Universal Anti-Venom

The demand for a multi-species anti-venom is particularly urgent in regions where several venomous snakes coexist. For instance, the cape cobra’s neurotoxin-rich venom vastly differs from the tissue-destroying properties of the spitting cobra’s venom. As result, an anti-venom effective against one species may not work for another, complicating treatment.

Despite promising developments, the research indicates that the anti-venom may not offer comprehensive protection in every scenario; adjustments are ongoing to enhance its effectiveness against certain snake venoms.

Australia’s Snake Season

The snake season in Australia is upon us again, with approximately 3,000 snake bites reported annually, leading to around 500 hospitalizations and an average of two fatalities per year. Rural areas record over half of these incidents, reiterating the importance of maintaining an effective anti-venom supply across the nation.

Australia benefits from a centralized anti-venom distribution system, ensuring availability nationwide. Dr. Laustsen-Kiel suggests that the same strategies used for African snakes could be utilized for Australian species, potentially leading to tailored anti-venoms for each region.

First Aid for Snakebites

In light of the dangers associated with snakebites, understanding and applying first aid is crucial. The following guidelines are recommended by the Royal Flying Doctor Service:

1. Apply a Pressure Bandage:
   • Wrap a bandage from below the bite upwards, extending as high as possible.
   • Ensure the limb remains still; forgo removing clothing.
   • Use a T-shirt or clothing as a makeshift bandage if necessary.
   • Mark the bite area on the bandage.
2. Immobilize the Bitten Area:
   • Use a splint, immobilizing joints on both sides of the bite.
3. Seek Immediate Help:
   • Call 000 or, if in a remote area, 112.
   • Keep track of symptoms while waiting for assistance.

Understanding and implementing these first aid measures can significantly increase the chances of survival for snakebite victims, emphasizing the need for preparedness, especially in remote areas.