Scientists from the KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden have developed an innovative method for extracting phosphorus from the sediments of the Baltic Sea. This breakthrough presents a potential domestic source for one of agriculture’s most vital nutrients, addressing Europe’s heavy reliance on imported phosphate rock—a vulnerability highlighted by the geopolitical disruptions to fertilizer markets in 2022.

The Baltic Sea is characterized as one of the world’s most oxygen-depleted bodies of water, primarily due to excessive phosphorus levels. As an essential component in fertilizers, this nutrient, if extracted effectively, can transform from an environmental burden into a strategic resource for the region.

Innovative Two-Step Extraction Process

The research team has pioneered a two-step extraction process. Initially, beneficial microbes are employed to “loosen” phosphorus from the sediment matrix. This is followed by the introduction of a metal-binding compound that further liberates the phosphorus, allowing it to be captured and converted into a form ready for use as fertilizer.

Early laboratory tests have demonstrated remarkable efficiency, releasing 80% of sediment phosphorus, with a 99% recovery rate. Additionally, the microbial activity beneficial to the ecosystem showed an uptick during the process, indicating a healthier biological environment.

“This new method for reclaiming phosphorus from sediments could significantly lessen our dependence on imported phosphate rock,” stated lead researcher Associate Professor Zeynep Cetecioglu.

A Strategic Step Towards Fertilizer Independence in Europe

If this technology is scaled effectively, it could address two pressing challenges in Europe: securing a domestic source of fertilizers amidst geopolitical uncertainties and alleviating eutrophication by removing nutrient overloads from one of the continent’s most environmentally vulnerable seas.

Currently, the European Union depends on imports from geopolitically unstable regions, which exposes farmers to price volatility and supply disruptions. A sustainable, Baltic-derived phosphorus source may not eliminate all imports, but it can serve as a vital new pillar for regional resilience in tightening fertilizer markets.

According to Cetecioglu, this innovation could serve as a foundation for the EU’s circular nutrient economy, aligning with Brussels’ long-term goals of nutrient recycling and establishing sustainable fertilizer systems.

Future Steps and Environmental Considerations

The research team emphasizes that their extraction method is not ready for implementation in open waters; it must be used within controlled, land-based facilities to prevent ecological harm. Future phases of this research will focus on replacing the metal-binding compound with more sustainable options, such as organic acids.

While the technology is still in its developmental stage, its potential impact is substantial. As Cetecioglu puts it, “By providing technology for nutrient reclamation and pollution management, it enhances Europe’s capacity to combat eutrophication in coastal waters and advance towards circular nutrient economies.”