As of late 2025, the threat of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) A(H5) continues to loom over North America. Multiple outbreaks have emerged in both commercial and wild bird populations across various U.S. states and Canadian provinces. This persistent issue highlights significant challenges for poultry producers, necessitating a strong focus on biosecurity measures and surveillance protocols.
Regional Circulation of Avian Influenza
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has reported ongoing activity of avian influenza A(H5N1), particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, across the Americas. In 2025 alone, 508 outbreaks were confirmed in nine different countries, with the United States and Canada accounting for a substantial share. Additionally, thousands of detections among wild bird populations emphasize the critical role of migratory species in facilitating the virus’s continuing spread.
The virus has not only affected avian populations but has also been identified in both wild and domestic mammals in the region. This broader ecological circulation complicates control measures and underscores the need for heightened vigilance.
Recent Outbreaks in U.S. Poultry
Throughout the United States, positive HPAI detections in commercial poultry flocks have persisted into late 2025:
- Multiple commercial flocks of turkeys, ducks, and egg layers were confirmed to have HPAI in the Midwest and California, prompting rapid depopulation and containment protocols.
- Earlier in October, outbreaks were identified in Minnesota and Utah, affecting turkey flocks that numbered in the tens of thousands.
Both state and federal animal health officials have consistently urged the importance of strict on-farm biosecurity measures and regular health monitoring amidst these outbreaks.
CDC Monitoring and Public Health Concerns
While the main focus remains on animal health and economic impacts, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues its surveillance of HPAI activity, especially concerning potential human exposures. Recent guidelines affirm that while the public health risk is currently low, monitoring remains essential, particularly for individuals in contact with infected animals.
Significantly, the World Health Organization confirmed a first human case of influenza A(H5N5) in late 2025, linked to contact with infected domestic birds. This case, occurring in Washington State and resulting in hospitalization, marked a notable instance of H5N5 affecting humans and reinforces the necessity for ongoing vigilance.
Canadian HPAI Activity
Canada experienced HPAI detections in commercial poultry throughout 2025, with outbreaks reported in provinces such as British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Ontario. These findings illustrate the widespread activity of the H5 virus across the North American poultry industry.
Industry Implications and Recommendations
The ongoing presence of HPAI brings several challenges for the poultry industry:
- Strengthening biosecurity measures is critical to prevent the spread from farm to farm.
- Routine surveillance and testing are vital for early detection, particularly as wild birds are known carriers of the virus.
- Producers should continue receiving guidance and support from agencies like the USDA and PAHO to stay informed and prepared.
Poultry producers are urged to maintain open lines of communication with state veterinarians and animal health officials regarding outbreaks in their areas and to regularly review and enhance their biosecurity plans in order to mitigate risks effectively.
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