Newcastle disease is rapidly spreading across Germany. Since the first case was identified on February 20, marking the first such incidence in 30 years, the total number of cases surged to 40 by March 24, according to the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI).
Impact on Poultry Farms
Both large-scale commercial farms, featuring laying hens, turkeys, and broilers, and smaller hobby farms have been affected. While exact figures are still unclear, a spokesperson for Poultry World disclosed that over 2 million animals have either perished or been culled as part of disease control strategies.
Increased Pressure in Border Regions
Current outbreaks are predominantly located in border regions adjacent to Poland and Czechia, where initial cases of Newcastle disease were reported in 2024. Infection pressure has escalated significantly in these eastern border areas, prompting calls for extensive measures to avert further viral spread, as highlighted by Dr. Carola Sauter-Louis during a recent webinar.
Genotype Variants and Their Effect
Currently identified Newcastle disease viruses belong to genotype VII.1.1, which has reportedly circulated in various Eastern European countries since 2023. Notably, older fattening turkeys, which had received multiple immunisations, displayed protection against the disease.
In contrast, young turkeys without adequate active immunity experienced initial slow infection rates with non-specific symptoms. Approximately ten days later, significant animal losses occurred alongside typical clinical manifestations, including respiratory changes, diarrhea with greenish feces, and occasional central nervous system symptoms.
Challenges in Early Detection
The delayed appearance of clinical symptoms contributes to the challenge of identifying undetected virus transmission. Poultry farmers are urged to vigilantly monitor their livestock’s health and swiftly report any abnormalities to the relevant authorities. Effective biosecurity measures, including minimizing direct and indirect contact among animal populations, are recommended.
The Role of Vaccination
Vaccination remains a cornerstone of Newcastle disease management. Germany mandates vaccination for all kept turkeys and chickens. The veterinary vaccination commission, StlKoVet, believes that existing vaccines, primarily based on genotypes 2.II and 2.I, will also confer protection against genotype VII.1.1. A two-stage vaccination regimen—consisting of multiple basic immunisations via drinking water or eye drops, followed by an injection with an inactivated vaccine—is recommended. In larger operations, administering live vaccines via coarse spray has been effective as well.
Calling for Enhanced Biosecurity
Amidst the alarming situation, the FLI has advised farmers to review their vaccination schedules. Farmers should ensure their birds are up-to-date with vaccinations and implement strict biosecurity measures to mitigate potential risks associated with Newcastle disease.
