Since its emergence in China during the mid-1990s, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has had a significant impact globally. On Valentine’s Day in 2006, this virus made its debut in Germany, marking the onset of a public health concern as reported by the Friedrich Loeffler Institute, the country’s national reference laboratory for animal diseases.
Detection and Early Response
The first indications of HPAI in Germany were detected when two whooper swans were found dead at Wittower Fähre, a ferry crossing on Rügen Island. These swans tested PCR-positive for the virus, triggering a series of high-profile media reports and leading to a swift response. HPAI’s detection in wild birds rapidly extended to poultry flocks, prompting the imposition of restrictive measures in the area.
Advancements in Diagnosis
The initial outbreak catalyzed a significant transformation in diagnostic processes. The adoption of real-time PCR technology enabled rapid and accurate diagnosis of numerous avian influenza samples. Real-time PCR has since evolved alongside next-generation sequencing (NGS), allowing for the swift acquisition of entire H5N1 genomes. What previously took a week for subtyping can now be completed within 24-48 hours, facilitating a more precise understanding of the virus’s trajectory.
Ongoing Threats and Virus Evolution
Despite advancements in diagnostics, the HPAI virus continues to evolve and spread globally, contributing to recurrent outbreaks throughout Europe and beyond. Recent reports from the United States and the Netherlands have raised new concerns, as HPAI H5N1 viruses have been linked to udder inflammation in dairy cows. Additionally, the persistence of the virus during the summer has devastated breeding populations of coastal birds.
Impact on Avian Populations
The autumn and winter of 2025/26 witnessed the loss of thousands of grey cranes across Germany and other parts of Europe due to avian influenza. The poultry sector also faced considerable challenges, resulting in temporary price surges for poultry products and limited availability of certain items.
Strategies for Control and Prevention
Addressing the challenges posed by HPAI involves safeguarding poultry populations and analyzing economic consequences, along with monitoring zoonotic risks to human health. The Friedrich Loeffler Institute remains at the forefront of research efforts, collaborating internationally to develop optimal diagnostic strategies and providing crucial data analysis. Monthly risk assessments are shared with poultry farmers, veterinarians, and conservationists, supporting on-site prevention and control measures.
